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- MEDICINE, Page 70Cheaper Can Be Better
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- A study comparing heart medications raises questions about
- high-pressure tactics in drug marketing
-
- By ANDREW PURVIS
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- The new heart drug hit the market in 1987 in a blinding
- flash of pitchmen, promotion and public relations hoo-ha. The
- product of biotech breakthroughs, TPA was touted as clearly
- superior to the competition, a clot-busting drug called
- streptokinase, on the market for 15 years. Though TPA (for
- tissue plasminogen activator) is 10 times as expensive as the
- older drug, the majority of U.S. doctors bought the pitch, and
- the new drug became the favored method of breaking up clots in
- heart-attack victims. Then last week an international team of
- researchers reported what some doctors had suspected all along:
- the fancy new medication appears to be no better at saving
- lives than plain old streptokinase. In fact, it seems to carry
- a slightly greater risk of causing strokes.
-
- The saga of TPA is a glaring example of what some experts
- believe is a pervasive problem in American health care: how
- high-pressure marketing tactics by drug companies combine with
- the lure of a glamorous high-tech product to persuade doctors
- to adopt the latest medication, even when it offers no clear
- advantage. "Doctors are enamored of new technologies," says Dr.
- Stephen Schondelmeyer, director of the Pharmaceutical Economics
- Research Institute at Purdue University. "We have this
- attraction to `new is better,' even though that is not always
- true."
-
- Usually, the added cost of a new drug is justified by an
- obvious benefit. Second- and third-generation antibiotics, for
- instance, can work when older, cheaper antibiotics like
- penicillin fail. In other cases, a costly new drug may break
- new ground, as AZT did in treating AIDS.
-
- But with TPA, the price difference was extreme -- about
- $2,500 a treatment vs. $220 for a dose of streptokinase --
- while the advantages were murky. Several studies showed that
- the new drug worked more quickly to open up blocked arteries,
- but whether that really made a difference in patient survival
- was unclear.
-
- Then why were U.S. doctors so quick to adopt the medication?
- For one thing, cost is still not a primary concern for many
- U.S. doctors. In Canada and Europe, where cost constraints and
- rationing of health care are a matter of course, TPA did not
- enjoy great success; streptokinase plus ordinary, cheap aspirin
- remain the standard anticlotting therapy. In addition,
- pervasive fears of malpractice suits in the U.S. add to the
- pressures on doctors to use the latest technique.
-
- But the biggest reason TPA took off was the aggressive
- promotional campaign launched by its manufacturer, Genentech.
- The worldwide market for anticlotting agents, or thrombolytics,
- is estimated at $600 million a year. To get a substantial piece
- of the action, Genentech relentlessly promoted its product not
- just to doctors and patients but to researchers as well. "I
- have never seen anything like it," said Dr. Charles Hennekens,
- U.S. coordinator for the study released last week.
-
- Genentech, Hennekens says, refused to participate in the
- international study, which compared TPA with streptokinase and
- a third thrombolytic called anistreplase, so a British-made
- version of TPA was used instead. Moreover, Hennekens says, when
- he tried to recruit doctors to participate, he found that some
- had been told by Genentech salesmen that using the other drugs
- in the trial could endanger their patients. Streptokinase, they
- were told, could cause cerebral bleeding, and anistreplase,
- which is derived from human plasma, was alleged to carry a risk
- of AIDS infection. Neither danger is significant, said
- Hennekens. Genentech denied any direct meddling in the trial
- and disputes the study's findings on methodological grounds.
-
- Though TPA is a dramatic example, many heavily promoted new
- drugs offer only subtle advantages over cheaper alternatives.
- Dr. Sidney Wolfe, an outspoken consumer advocate in Washington,
- says that 70% to 90% of newly approved drugs are not important
- therapeutic advances. One example: substances called lower
- osmolarity contrast mediums, introduced in 1986. Used in taking
- diagnostic pictures of internal organs, they are believed to
- be only marginally safer than existing agents but are sold at
- up to 12 times the price.
-
- Overzealous marketing practices in the drug industry have
- attracted attention in Washington. At a Senate hearing in
- December, critics cited a litany of abuses that seemed to cross
- the line between advertising and bribery. Roche, for example,
- paid doctors $1,200 to prescribe a new antibiotic to 20
- hospital patients in exchange for minimal information on the
- results of the therapy. Another company offered free mileage
- on American Airlines for using Inderal LA, a hypertension drug.
- Last week the recently appointed FDA commissioner, Dr. David
- Kessler, told the committee that regulating drug promotion would
- be a top priority in the coming year.
-
- In an era when health-care costs in general are growing out
- of control, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the
- government, insurance companies and doctors to ignore the cost
- factor in medicine. And as patients bear more and more of the
- costs, they should realize that the latest, slickest new
- treatment is not always just what the doctor should order.
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-
- ____________________________________________________________ Rx
- FOR INFLUENCING DOCTORS
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-
- FREQUENT PRESCRIBER PLAN Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories gives
- doctors 1,000 points on American Airlines' frequent-flyer
- program for each patient they put on the hypertension drug
- Inderal LA.
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- PROFITABLE RESEARCH As part of a "study," Roche pays doctors
- $1,200 if they prescribe the antibiotic Rocephin for 20
- hospital patients.
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- BIG-SHOT PROGRAM In return for purchasing vaccines,
- Connaught Labs awards points redeemable for VCRs, personal
- computers and TVs.
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- COMPUTER FREEBIE Consortium of 10 drug companies provides
- doctors with free $35,000 computer systems if they spend 20
- minutes a week reviewing "promotional messages" and "clinical
- information" and complete four continuing medical-education
- programs a year.
-
- BEACHSIDE BONUS Ciba-Geigy offers free Caribbean vacations
- to doctors in return for their sitting in on a few lectures
- about Estraderm, an estrogen patch.
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- Source:Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources hearings,
- December 1990.
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